3.349 \(\int \frac {x^3}{(a+b x^3)^3} \, dx\)

Optimal. Leaf size=154 \[ -\frac {\log \left (a^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{a} \sqrt [3]{b} x+b^{2/3} x^2\right )}{54 a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}+\frac {\log \left (\sqrt [3]{a}+\sqrt [3]{b} x\right )}{27 a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{a}-2 \sqrt [3]{b} x}{\sqrt {3} \sqrt [3]{a}}\right )}{9 \sqrt {3} a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}+\frac {x}{18 a b \left (a+b x^3\right )}-\frac {x}{6 b \left (a+b x^3\right )^2} \]

[Out]

-1/6*x/b/(b*x^3+a)^2+1/18*x/a/b/(b*x^3+a)+1/27*ln(a^(1/3)+b^(1/3)*x)/a^(5/3)/b^(4/3)-1/54*ln(a^(2/3)-a^(1/3)*b
^(1/3)*x+b^(2/3)*x^2)/a^(5/3)/b^(4/3)-1/27*arctan(1/3*(a^(1/3)-2*b^(1/3)*x)/a^(1/3)*3^(1/2))/a^(5/3)/b^(4/3)*3
^(1/2)

________________________________________________________________________________________

Rubi [A]  time = 0.08, antiderivative size = 154, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 8, number of rules used = 8, integrand size = 13, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.615, Rules used = {288, 199, 200, 31, 634, 617, 204, 628} \[ -\frac {\log \left (a^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{a} \sqrt [3]{b} x+b^{2/3} x^2\right )}{54 a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}+\frac {\log \left (\sqrt [3]{a}+\sqrt [3]{b} x\right )}{27 a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{a}-2 \sqrt [3]{b} x}{\sqrt {3} \sqrt [3]{a}}\right )}{9 \sqrt {3} a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}+\frac {x}{18 a b \left (a+b x^3\right )}-\frac {x}{6 b \left (a+b x^3\right )^2} \]

Antiderivative was successfully verified.

[In]

Int[x^3/(a + b*x^3)^3,x]

[Out]

-x/(6*b*(a + b*x^3)^2) + x/(18*a*b*(a + b*x^3)) - ArcTan[(a^(1/3) - 2*b^(1/3)*x)/(Sqrt[3]*a^(1/3))]/(9*Sqrt[3]
*a^(5/3)*b^(4/3)) + Log[a^(1/3) + b^(1/3)*x]/(27*a^(5/3)*b^(4/3)) - Log[a^(2/3) - a^(1/3)*b^(1/3)*x + b^(2/3)*
x^2]/(54*a^(5/3)*b^(4/3))

Rule 31

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_))^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x, x]]/b, x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x]

Rule 199

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_), x_Symbol] :> -Simp[(x*(a + b*x^n)^(p + 1))/(a*n*(p + 1)), x] + Dist[(n*(p +
 1) + 1)/(a*n*(p + 1)), Int[(a + b*x^n)^(p + 1), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && IGtQ[n, 0] && LtQ[p, -1] && (In
tegerQ[2*p] || (n == 2 && IntegerQ[4*p]) || (n == 2 && IntegerQ[3*p]) || Denominator[p + 1/n] < Denominator[p]
)

Rule 200

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^3)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Dist[1/(3*Rt[a, 3]^2), Int[1/(Rt[a, 3] + Rt[b, 3]*x), x], x] + Di
st[1/(3*Rt[a, 3]^2), Int[(2*Rt[a, 3] - Rt[b, 3]*x)/(Rt[a, 3]^2 - Rt[a, 3]*Rt[b, 3]*x + Rt[b, 3]^2*x^2), x], x]
 /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x]

Rule 204

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> -Simp[ArcTan[(Rt[-b, 2]*x)/Rt[-a, 2]]/(Rt[-a, 2]*Rt[-b, 2]), x] /
; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] && (LtQ[a, 0] || LtQ[b, 0])

Rule 288

Int[((c_.)*(x_))^(m_.)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(c^(n - 1)*(c*x)^(m - n + 1)*(a + b*x^
n)^(p + 1))/(b*n*(p + 1)), x] - Dist[(c^n*(m - n + 1))/(b*n*(p + 1)), Int[(c*x)^(m - n)*(a + b*x^n)^(p + 1), x
], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x] && IGtQ[n, 0] && LtQ[p, -1] && GtQ[m + 1, n] &&  !ILtQ[(m + n*(p + 1) + 1)/n, 0]
&& IntBinomialQ[a, b, c, n, m, p, x]

Rule 617

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> With[{q = 1 - 4*Simplify[(a*c)/b^2]}, Dist[-2/b, Sub
st[Int[1/(q - x^2), x], x, 1 + (2*c*x)/b], x] /; RationalQ[q] && (EqQ[q^2, 1] ||  !RationalQ[b^2 - 4*a*c])] /;
 FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0]

Rule 628

Int[((d_) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(d*Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x +
c*x^2, x]])/b, x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x] && EqQ[2*c*d - b*e, 0]

Rule 634

Int[((d_.) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> Dist[(2*c*d - b*e)/(2*c), Int[1/(a +
 b*x + c*x^2), x], x] + Dist[e/(2*c), Int[(b + 2*c*x)/(a + b*x + c*x^2), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x] &
& NeQ[2*c*d - b*e, 0] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] &&  !NiceSqrtQ[b^2 - 4*a*c]

Rubi steps

\begin {align*} \int \frac {x^3}{\left (a+b x^3\right )^3} \, dx &=-\frac {x}{6 b \left (a+b x^3\right )^2}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{\left (a+b x^3\right )^2} \, dx}{6 b}\\ &=-\frac {x}{6 b \left (a+b x^3\right )^2}+\frac {x}{18 a b \left (a+b x^3\right )}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{a+b x^3} \, dx}{9 a b}\\ &=-\frac {x}{6 b \left (a+b x^3\right )^2}+\frac {x}{18 a b \left (a+b x^3\right )}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt [3]{a}+\sqrt [3]{b} x} \, dx}{27 a^{5/3} b}+\frac {\int \frac {2 \sqrt [3]{a}-\sqrt [3]{b} x}{a^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{a} \sqrt [3]{b} x+b^{2/3} x^2} \, dx}{27 a^{5/3} b}\\ &=-\frac {x}{6 b \left (a+b x^3\right )^2}+\frac {x}{18 a b \left (a+b x^3\right )}+\frac {\log \left (\sqrt [3]{a}+\sqrt [3]{b} x\right )}{27 a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}-\frac {\int \frac {-\sqrt [3]{a} \sqrt [3]{b}+2 b^{2/3} x}{a^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{a} \sqrt [3]{b} x+b^{2/3} x^2} \, dx}{54 a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{a^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{a} \sqrt [3]{b} x+b^{2/3} x^2} \, dx}{18 a^{4/3} b}\\ &=-\frac {x}{6 b \left (a+b x^3\right )^2}+\frac {x}{18 a b \left (a+b x^3\right )}+\frac {\log \left (\sqrt [3]{a}+\sqrt [3]{b} x\right )}{27 a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}-\frac {\log \left (a^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{a} \sqrt [3]{b} x+b^{2/3} x^2\right )}{54 a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}+\frac {\operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-3-x^2} \, dx,x,1-\frac {2 \sqrt [3]{b} x}{\sqrt [3]{a}}\right )}{9 a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}\\ &=-\frac {x}{6 b \left (a+b x^3\right )^2}+\frac {x}{18 a b \left (a+b x^3\right )}-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{a}-2 \sqrt [3]{b} x}{\sqrt {3} \sqrt [3]{a}}\right )}{9 \sqrt {3} a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}+\frac {\log \left (\sqrt [3]{a}+\sqrt [3]{b} x\right )}{27 a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}-\frac {\log \left (a^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{a} \sqrt [3]{b} x+b^{2/3} x^2\right )}{54 a^{5/3} b^{4/3}}\\ \end {align*}

________________________________________________________________________________________

Mathematica [A]  time = 0.08, size = 138, normalized size = 0.90 \[ \frac {-\frac {\log \left (a^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{a} \sqrt [3]{b} x+b^{2/3} x^2\right )}{a^{5/3}}+\frac {2 \log \left (\sqrt [3]{a}+\sqrt [3]{b} x\right )}{a^{5/3}}-\frac {2 \sqrt {3} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {1-\frac {2 \sqrt [3]{b} x}{\sqrt [3]{a}}}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{a^{5/3}}+\frac {3 \sqrt [3]{b} x}{a^2+a b x^3}-\frac {9 \sqrt [3]{b} x}{\left (a+b x^3\right )^2}}{54 b^{4/3}} \]

Antiderivative was successfully verified.

[In]

Integrate[x^3/(a + b*x^3)^3,x]

[Out]

((-9*b^(1/3)*x)/(a + b*x^3)^2 + (3*b^(1/3)*x)/(a^2 + a*b*x^3) - (2*Sqrt[3]*ArcTan[(1 - (2*b^(1/3)*x)/a^(1/3))/
Sqrt[3]])/a^(5/3) + (2*Log[a^(1/3) + b^(1/3)*x])/a^(5/3) - Log[a^(2/3) - a^(1/3)*b^(1/3)*x + b^(2/3)*x^2]/a^(5
/3))/(54*b^(4/3))

________________________________________________________________________________________

fricas [B]  time = 0.61, size = 503, normalized size = 3.27 \[ \left [\frac {3 \, a^{2} b^{2} x^{4} - 6 \, a^{3} b x + 3 \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{3}} {\left (a b^{3} x^{6} + 2 \, a^{2} b^{2} x^{3} + a^{3} b\right )} \sqrt {-\frac {\left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}{b}} \log \left (\frac {2 \, a b x^{3} - 3 \, \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} a x - a^{2} + 3 \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{3}} {\left (2 \, a b x^{2} + \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} x - \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} a\right )} \sqrt {-\frac {\left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}{b}}}{b x^{3} + a}\right ) - {\left (b^{2} x^{6} + 2 \, a b x^{3} + a^{2}\right )} \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} \log \left (a b x^{2} - \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} x + \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} a\right ) + 2 \, {\left (b^{2} x^{6} + 2 \, a b x^{3} + a^{2}\right )} \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} \log \left (a b x + \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}\right )}{54 \, {\left (a^{3} b^{4} x^{6} + 2 \, a^{4} b^{3} x^{3} + a^{5} b^{2}\right )}}, \frac {3 \, a^{2} b^{2} x^{4} - 6 \, a^{3} b x + 6 \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{3}} {\left (a b^{3} x^{6} + 2 \, a^{2} b^{2} x^{3} + a^{3} b\right )} \sqrt {\frac {\left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}{b}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {\frac {1}{3}} {\left (2 \, \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} x - \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} a\right )} \sqrt {\frac {\left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}{b}}}{a^{2}}\right ) - {\left (b^{2} x^{6} + 2 \, a b x^{3} + a^{2}\right )} \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} \log \left (a b x^{2} - \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} x + \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} a\right ) + 2 \, {\left (b^{2} x^{6} + 2 \, a b x^{3} + a^{2}\right )} \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} \log \left (a b x + \left (a^{2} b\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}\right )}{54 \, {\left (a^{3} b^{4} x^{6} + 2 \, a^{4} b^{3} x^{3} + a^{5} b^{2}\right )}}\right ] \]

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(x^3/(b*x^3+a)^3,x, algorithm="fricas")

[Out]

[1/54*(3*a^2*b^2*x^4 - 6*a^3*b*x + 3*sqrt(1/3)*(a*b^3*x^6 + 2*a^2*b^2*x^3 + a^3*b)*sqrt(-(a^2*b)^(1/3)/b)*log(
(2*a*b*x^3 - 3*(a^2*b)^(1/3)*a*x - a^2 + 3*sqrt(1/3)*(2*a*b*x^2 + (a^2*b)^(2/3)*x - (a^2*b)^(1/3)*a)*sqrt(-(a^
2*b)^(1/3)/b))/(b*x^3 + a)) - (b^2*x^6 + 2*a*b*x^3 + a^2)*(a^2*b)^(2/3)*log(a*b*x^2 - (a^2*b)^(2/3)*x + (a^2*b
)^(1/3)*a) + 2*(b^2*x^6 + 2*a*b*x^3 + a^2)*(a^2*b)^(2/3)*log(a*b*x + (a^2*b)^(2/3)))/(a^3*b^4*x^6 + 2*a^4*b^3*
x^3 + a^5*b^2), 1/54*(3*a^2*b^2*x^4 - 6*a^3*b*x + 6*sqrt(1/3)*(a*b^3*x^6 + 2*a^2*b^2*x^3 + a^3*b)*sqrt((a^2*b)
^(1/3)/b)*arctan(sqrt(1/3)*(2*(a^2*b)^(2/3)*x - (a^2*b)^(1/3)*a)*sqrt((a^2*b)^(1/3)/b)/a^2) - (b^2*x^6 + 2*a*b
*x^3 + a^2)*(a^2*b)^(2/3)*log(a*b*x^2 - (a^2*b)^(2/3)*x + (a^2*b)^(1/3)*a) + 2*(b^2*x^6 + 2*a*b*x^3 + a^2)*(a^
2*b)^(2/3)*log(a*b*x + (a^2*b)^(2/3)))/(a^3*b^4*x^6 + 2*a^4*b^3*x^3 + a^5*b^2)]

________________________________________________________________________________________

giac [A]  time = 0.18, size = 142, normalized size = 0.92 \[ -\frac {\left (-\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} \log \left ({\left | x - \left (-\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} \right |}\right )}{27 \, a^{2} b} + \frac {\sqrt {3} \left (-a b^{2}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x + \left (-\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}\right )}}{3 \, \left (-\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )}{27 \, a^{2} b^{2}} + \frac {\left (-a b^{2}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} \log \left (x^{2} + x \left (-\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} + \left (-\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}\right )}{54 \, a^{2} b^{2}} + \frac {b x^{4} - 2 \, a x}{18 \, {\left (b x^{3} + a\right )}^{2} a b} \]

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(x^3/(b*x^3+a)^3,x, algorithm="giac")

[Out]

-1/27*(-a/b)^(1/3)*log(abs(x - (-a/b)^(1/3)))/(a^2*b) + 1/27*sqrt(3)*(-a*b^2)^(1/3)*arctan(1/3*sqrt(3)*(2*x +
(-a/b)^(1/3))/(-a/b)^(1/3))/(a^2*b^2) + 1/54*(-a*b^2)^(1/3)*log(x^2 + x*(-a/b)^(1/3) + (-a/b)^(2/3))/(a^2*b^2)
 + 1/18*(b*x^4 - 2*a*x)/((b*x^3 + a)^2*a*b)

________________________________________________________________________________________

maple [A]  time = 0.01, size = 125, normalized size = 0.81 \[ \frac {\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \left (\frac {2 x}{\left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}-1\right )}{3}\right )}{27 \left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} a \,b^{2}}+\frac {\ln \left (x +\left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}\right )}{27 \left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} a \,b^{2}}-\frac {\ln \left (x^{2}-\left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} x +\left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}\right )}{54 \left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} a \,b^{2}}+\frac {\frac {x^{4}}{18 a}-\frac {x}{9 b}}{\left (b \,x^{3}+a \right )^{2}} \]

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

int(x^3/(b*x^3+a)^3,x)

[Out]

(1/18*x^4/a-1/9/b*x)/(b*x^3+a)^2+1/27/b^2/a/(a/b)^(2/3)*ln(x+(a/b)^(1/3))-1/54/b^2/a/(a/b)^(2/3)*ln(x^2-(a/b)^
(1/3)*x+(a/b)^(2/3))+1/27/b^2/a/(a/b)^(2/3)*3^(1/2)*arctan(1/3*3^(1/2)*(2/(a/b)^(1/3)*x-1))

________________________________________________________________________________________

maxima [A]  time = 2.95, size = 146, normalized size = 0.95 \[ \frac {b x^{4} - 2 \, a x}{18 \, {\left (a b^{3} x^{6} + 2 \, a^{2} b^{2} x^{3} + a^{3} b\right )}} + \frac {\sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x - \left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}\right )}}{3 \, \left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )}{27 \, a b^{2} \left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}} - \frac {\log \left (x^{2} - x \left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} + \left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}\right )}{54 \, a b^{2} \left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}} + \frac {\log \left (x + \left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}\right )}{27 \, a b^{2} \left (\frac {a}{b}\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}} \]

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(x^3/(b*x^3+a)^3,x, algorithm="maxima")

[Out]

1/18*(b*x^4 - 2*a*x)/(a*b^3*x^6 + 2*a^2*b^2*x^3 + a^3*b) + 1/27*sqrt(3)*arctan(1/3*sqrt(3)*(2*x - (a/b)^(1/3))
/(a/b)^(1/3))/(a*b^2*(a/b)^(2/3)) - 1/54*log(x^2 - x*(a/b)^(1/3) + (a/b)^(2/3))/(a*b^2*(a/b)^(2/3)) + 1/27*log
(x + (a/b)^(1/3))/(a*b^2*(a/b)^(2/3))

________________________________________________________________________________________

mupad [B]  time = 1.13, size = 145, normalized size = 0.94 \[ \frac {\ln \left (\frac {b^{2/3}}{3\,a^{2/3}}+\frac {b\,x}{3\,a}\right )}{27\,a^{5/3}\,b^{4/3}}-\frac {\frac {x}{9\,b}-\frac {x^4}{18\,a}}{a^2+2\,a\,b\,x^3+b^2\,x^6}+\frac {\ln \left (\frac {b\,x}{3\,a}+\frac {b^{2/3}\,\left (-1+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}{6\,a^{2/3}}\right )\,\left (-1+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}{54\,a^{5/3}\,b^{4/3}}-\frac {\ln \left (\frac {b\,x}{3\,a}-\frac {b^{2/3}\,\left (1+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}{6\,a^{2/3}}\right )\,\left (1+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}{54\,a^{5/3}\,b^{4/3}} \]

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

int(x^3/(a + b*x^3)^3,x)

[Out]

log(b^(2/3)/(3*a^(2/3)) + (b*x)/(3*a))/(27*a^(5/3)*b^(4/3)) - (x/(9*b) - x^4/(18*a))/(a^2 + b^2*x^6 + 2*a*b*x^
3) + (log((b*x)/(3*a) + (b^(2/3)*(3^(1/2)*1i - 1))/(6*a^(2/3)))*(3^(1/2)*1i - 1))/(54*a^(5/3)*b^(4/3)) - (log(
(b*x)/(3*a) - (b^(2/3)*(3^(1/2)*1i + 1))/(6*a^(2/3)))*(3^(1/2)*1i + 1))/(54*a^(5/3)*b^(4/3))

________________________________________________________________________________________

sympy [A]  time = 0.45, size = 65, normalized size = 0.42 \[ \frac {- 2 a x + b x^{4}}{18 a^{3} b + 36 a^{2} b^{2} x^{3} + 18 a b^{3} x^{6}} + \operatorname {RootSum} {\left (19683 t^{3} a^{5} b^{4} - 1, \left (t \mapsto t \log {\left (27 t a^{2} b + x \right )} \right )\right )} \]

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(x**3/(b*x**3+a)**3,x)

[Out]

(-2*a*x + b*x**4)/(18*a**3*b + 36*a**2*b**2*x**3 + 18*a*b**3*x**6) + RootSum(19683*_t**3*a**5*b**4 - 1, Lambda
(_t, _t*log(27*_t*a**2*b + x)))

________________________________________________________________________________________